Impact Evaluation and Accountability Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Impact Evaluation and Accountability - Essay Example Can a government arbitrarily treat social concerns as its private reserve Better still, will the prime minister, president or monarch willingly abdicate his or her duties to look after the vulnerable section of society Social issues and problems are too deep, intricate and vexatious for even the government to handle single handedly. Traditionally, the social issues of poverty and unemployment were invariably touched upon by religious and/or civic conscious citizens under the patronage of the government and the wealthy. The system did not need regular improvising until the need became known and the means were available. Today, social work is a specialized domain. The issues are more complex and it is not only poverty and unemployment, but also a host of other disturbances like child labor and stress management seeking attention. It has become necessary for social factors to be studied, statistically and scientifically observed, understood and concluded upon by qualified and experienced experts. (Performance Measurement and Evaluation) Accountability is a combination of procedure and responsibility. There are eon procedures and methods, but it is left to the wisdom and discretion of the accountant to evolve a system best suited for the purpose of the organization. The accountant uses not only his academic skills and experience, but also his creative faculties to carry out the daily activities and evolve new methods when and where necessary with the resources available to him. The accountant is also responsible to the management and the statutory authorities like the chartered accountants. He is under the supervisory gaze of these authorities and his actions and decisions are subject to their approvals, corrective suggestions and instructions, and sometimes even censure in fraudulent cases. Other than the accountant, the social organization must be allocated the necessary funds and allowed to operate on its own to fulfill its goals and obligations. Social organizations have the necessary personnel and wherewithal to define social problems and the means to find solutions. (Healthcare & Social Services) Government and Accountability The traditional way of working has given way to the current trends of working. In the current scenario, the system is simple although hi-tech. It is highly adept to policy, procedure and systems loyalties. But it needs the tender and efficacious touch of an expert operator. As the highest authority of the land, the government has enough powers and means to oversee, control and legislate not only the social sector but the entire gamut of departmental ministries. The government itself has to operate within its budgetary and functional constraints. Its ministers and staff have their duties to perform and they cannot overstretch their limits. There are thousands of social trusts, social organizations, social volunteers and social problems. It is practically impossible for the government to keep tabs on all of them. They

Ethical theories Essay Example for Free

Ethical theories Essay There are five types of ethical theories: 1. Teleological theory of ethics 2. Deontological theory 3. Virtue ethics 4. Justice as fairness 5. Feminism The teleological theory examines the consequences in terms of pleasure and pain, which is termed as â€Å"Utilitarianism†. According to this theory, our obligation in any situation is to perform that action which will produce the greatest amount of good over evil. Under this theory, the ethical virtues such as being honest or not lying are not obligatory. Utilitarian morality compels you to do only those particular acts which bring out good results only. For instance, consider a situation where telling the truth can break someone’s heart or hurt his/her feelings then in the light of this theory, lying is better than honesty. One of the fundamental characteristics of utilitarianism is universalism which talks about the pleasure of everyone, rather than benefitting your own self only. The two versions of utilitarianism have evolved from these conditions, act-utilitarianism and rule-utilitarianism. The two great philosophers, Jeremy Bentham and Stuart Mill presented their views in the light of this theory. Bentham proposed the act-utilitarianism theory and said: â€Å"An action is right if it produces greatest amount of pleasure over pain for everyone† However, this statement was greatly opposed by many critics since they termed it as a â€Å"pig philosophy†. Critics complained that pleasure alone can not constitute the good for human beings because even pigs are capable of attaining pleasure from their own bodies so it would be better to live the life of a satisfied pig rather than being a dissatisfied human being such as Socrates. Seeing these objections, Stuart Mill supported the utilitarianism gave the idea of act-utilitarianism by giving his view that an action is right if it produces greatest amount of pleasure over pain by following certain moral rules. Mill said that a person should go for qualitative pleasure rather than quantitative pleasure. Mill also defended the accusation of pig philosophy on Bentham by giving his views that human beings are able to enjoy the higher levels of pleasure than swine. Human beings can pursuit pleasure in the form of intellectual arts and other such activities. Hence, Mill categorized pleasure in higher and lower forms of pleasure. Rule-utilitarianism emphasized tremendously on morality and social obligations, which in fact, are the problems of all teleological theories. Concluding the discussion now, the best theory is the rule-utilitarianism as compared to act-utilitarianism theory because one does not need to calculate the amount of pleasure and pain before performing any deed. Instead, it provides the basic grounds of morality and goodness for doing any action.

The Security Issues With Social Networks Media Essay

The Security Issues With Social Networks Media Essay Social networks such as Facebook and twitter are becoming more and more popular among the younger generation. Social networks were designed to keep in touch with friends no matter where in the world they were located. Parents though are worried that their childrens privacy is not protecting on the social network. According to pole results realised most parents think their children share to much information online and that the search engines are not doing enough to protect them. Privacy is the ability to conceal personal information about yourself from other people but if they wish to show their information it is selective. Parents are increasingly worried that their children are under threat by hackers and conmen, parents want far more education and leadership about online privacy, and they clearly want the industry and the federal government to update privacy policies. Criteria B- The IT background of the Issue Social networks are places where you can communicate with others no matter where they are in the world and is also a ways of communication for other purposes such as business. A social network is a social structure that maps out the relationships between individuals. Technically we all belong to one giant social network, but we also belong to smaller, tighter social networks defined by our families, our friends, where we live, where we work, where we went to school, our hobbies and interests and much more. Social networks are helpful as they help us to keep all the people we know in one place and we are able to communicate with theme at any time, imagine if you sat down with a pen and paper, it would be difficult to map out all the people with whom youre connected and all the people with whom theyre connected. Thats why social-networking Web sites are so powerful. Criteria C- Impact of the Issue The main issue of social networks are privacy concerns. Even though social networks were set up for people to keep in contact with friends and family around the world but despite these aspects the sites are dangerous because much information is shown. This causes parents to worry about how much information is put online. Even though most information is put on these networks is voluntary some things are not meant to be public but security issues might occur, a security issue occurs when a hacker gains unauthorized access to a written language. These breeches into personal information are a problem because people might be exposed in inappropriate manners and personal information can be gathered to do be used inappropriately. Also, talking to friends over lunch, the Internet keeps a permanent record of what we say to each other. If you are having an online conversation with your friend(s) then you should be aware that conversation can be seen by countless others and that a record of tha t conversation will be kept somewhere on the Internet. Criterion D- A Solution to a problem arising from the Issue The only solution is for the website to create a way to privatise information to users but at the same time be shown to users that you wish it to be shown. The users theme selves can more carefully approach to what they share and with the growth of social networks, its becoming harder to effectively monitor and protect site users and their activity because the tasks of security programmers becomes increasingly spread out. The growth of users of these sites has grown very rapidly take this as an example, if a prison whose inmate count jumped from  a few dozen to 250 million in less than five years only employed 300 guards (in the case of MySpace). In reaction to the growth of pressure to users most chief networks are now enabling users to set privacy controls for who has the ability to view their information. But increase privacy settings are not always definite privacy. Also Do Not Call methods can be used on social networks but developed in such a way that it becomes Do Not Track Kids like stated in the article. Parents survey says social networks dont protect kids privacy CNN Wire Staff (CNN) Most parents think their children share too much information online and that search engines and social networks arent doing enough to protect privacy, according to poll results released Friday. More than 90 percent of the parents surveyed by Zogby International said they are concerned that their children share too much information online, and 75 percent said they would rate the job social networks are doing to protect online privacy as negative. The results, released by the nonprofit advocacy organization Common Sense Media which commissioned the poll do not mention particular social networks or websites by name. Common Sense Media CEO James Steyer said the need for reform is clear. Parents want far more education and leadership about online privacy, and they clearly want the industry and the federal government to update privacy policies, Steyer said in a statement The organization begins a campaign Monday aimed at protecting kids personal information and reputations online. We need a Do Not Track Kids approach similar to the Do Not Call policies that restrict telemarketers, Steyer said. The results also include a survey of 401 teenagers aged 15 to 18. Common Sense Media said 79 percent of the teens surveyed also think their friends share too much personal information online, and 85 percent of them want search engines and social networking sites to ask for permission before using personal information to market products. The poll results present a clear divide between the industrys view of privacy and the opinion of parents and kids, Steyer said. To conduct the online poll of parents, Zogby International used a sampling of 2,100 adults from its online panel, which the polling firm says is representative of the adult population of the United States. The sampling margin of error is 2.2 percentage points. The sampling margin of error for the online poll of teenagers was 5 percentage points. Criterion E- Bibliography CNN Wire Staff, 2010,Parents survey says social networkes dont protect kidsprivacy http://www.cnn.com/2010/TECH/social.media/10/08/parents.poll/index.html Wikipedia, Privacy, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Privacy Fast Company, Privacy and security issues in social Networking http://www.fastcompany.com/articles/2008/10/social-networking-security.html Help Net Security, Social networking privacy issues http://www.net-security.org/article.php?id=1331 How stuff works, How social networks work http://communication.howstuffworks.com/how-social-networks-work.htm

Becoming a Doctor Essay examples -- Research Medical Career Essays

Becoming a Doctor Many people think that becoming a doctor is difficult. Others have some sense that becoming a physician takes many years and is expensive. Most people realize that being a physician is difficult yet rewarding. All these people are correct. Becoming a physician is a long, arduous, expensive process that can only be accomplished with great dedication.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Before starting the process of becoming a physician (or any profession) you must do some honest soul searching. First of all you must be aware of the time commitment involved in becoming a physician. Medicine is a career that requires many years of preparation. Generally most people graduate college at age 22 and medical school at 26. Then after 3 years of internship and residency, many physicians begin their career at age 29. However, the training for some specialties can last until the physician's early to mid 30's. Obviously this can delay plans for marriage and starting a family. Some people begin their medical education after pursuing other careers, which can further delay the completion of their medical training. You must decide early on if you are willing to dedicate the time it takes to become a physician. As you can see, this is not a decision to be made lightly. More importantly, you must decide if medicine is a field that is right for the kind of person you are. I believe that there are three cornerstones of a successful career in medicine: „h A love for learning in general „h A true intellectual curiosity about medicine in particular „h A strong desire to help others. Being smart and doing well in the sciences are obviously important components of being a successful physician. However, do not fall into a medical career because you have done well in the sciences. Although this is a necessary requirement, you must also be able to relate well with people. As a physician you have an opportunity to help others. Wanting to help others and enjoying helping others are necessary attributes of a good physician. This is something that cannot be taught. However, there are many other professions that can help others. Politicians, religious leaders and social workers all have the opportunity to help others, perhaps in larger numbers. Medicine is a career filled with choices. In what other career can you choose between delivering babies, taking care of children,... ...al Colleges (AAMC) and The American Medical Association (AMA). Many states require only 1 year of training after medical school (internship) in an approved residency program as the bare minimum for obtaining a license. Residency programs are accredited by the Accreditation Council of Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) through the Residency Review Committees (RRC). You need to have passed one of several exams to prove that you are competent (such as the USMLE). Letters of reference are usually required. A check of your malpractice history will also be obtained. The rules for graduates of foreign medical schools are more complex and can be obtained from each state medical licensing board.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Becoming a board certified physician in a specialty involves the completion of a residency in a given specialty, then completing a comprehensive exam (often a written and oral exam). When you have satisfied the requirements of that particular board you are now Board certified and are called a Diplomate of that board (e.g. Diplomate of the American Board of Emergency Medicine). There are 24 approved medical specialty boards in the U.S. Many boards require recertification every 7-10 years.

Backgroud of Malaysia Airlines Essay

Malaysia Airlines System Berhad is also known as MAS in short. MAS is founded in 1947 as Malayan Airways, but it has change its name as Malaysian Airline System in 1 October 1972 .MAS is the flag carrier which is own by government of Malaysia. MAS headquarters is situated at Sultan Abdul Aziz Shah Airport in Subang, Selangor. MAS operates flights at its first base in Kuala Lumpur International Airport, and secondary base in Kota Kinabalu. Malaysian Airlines System Berhad is the holding company for Malaysia ¶s national airlines carrier, one of the fastest growing airlines in Asia. Malaysia Airlines has two airline subsidiaries, which is Firefly MASwings. Firefly operates scheduled flights from its two home bases Penang International Airport and Subang International Airport. The airlines focuses on tertiary cities although has recently launched services to Borneo from KualaLumpur International Airport. MASwings focuses or inter-Borneo flights. Malaysia Airlines has a freighter fleet operated by MASKargo, which managers freighter flights and aircraft cargo-hold capacity for all Malaysia Airlines passenger flights. MAS are using this type of craft Airbus A330-200 and A330-300. Boeing 737-400, 800 and400/400. Malaysia Airlines operates a fleet of aircraft with two cabin configurations. Malaysia Airlines B777-200ER fleet has a two configuration which is Golden Club Class and Economy Class. Its B747-400 fleet has a three-cabin configuration, also including First Class. Malaysia Airlines premium cabins and Economy Class have been giving numerous awards for excellence in product and service delivery. From a small air service, Malaysia airlines have grown to become award-winning airline with more than 1000 aircraft, servicing more than 110 destinations across six continents. Malaysia Airlines also practiced the online booking and buying to make their reservation or purchasing way easier for passenger. With this online purchasing, the passengers need to fulfill their details like the destination they want to go and the departure place they want. The payment will settling via the online banking. Internet user can book their air ticket, hotel, and train ticket and rent car via Malaysia Airlines Website.

buy custom Arlington Urgent Care essay

buy custom Arlington Urgent Care essay Let us map out the standard process of patients reception in the new Arlington Urgent Care clinic which is opening on January 1, 2012. Patients are accepted without appointments, on first come first served basis, the priority is given to emergency cases. When a patient visits the clinic, he is handed a single form at the registration desk which includes all necessary information such as demographics form, fee ticket and clinical documentation - all on the same form for the patients convenience so there is no need to issue any charts. According to the anamnesis gathered by the nurse at the reception, the patient is guided to the necessary specialist. The specified doctor accepts the patient, performs all necessary procedures, takes all analyzes and makes all prescriptions all the information is noted down to the single form so the patient can see how much he has to pay and what exactly he is paying for. After the appointment with the doctor is finished the patient is guided back to t he reception desk where he makes all necessary payments. Arlington Urgent Care clinic does not accept or file any insurance during payment process that is why even if the patient is insured he has to pay for the services with cash or credit card anyway. Patient is also instructed to file copy the form with specified insurance company. According to the form copied the payment may be transferred by the insurance company directly to the patient. If the patient has a primary care physician the form can be faxed to him. If the patient does not have a PC physician and one is needed based on the diagnosis, the patient is given a list of PC physicians accepting patients from the urgent care center. The patient can choose a physician from the list, the form will be faxed to the chosen doctor, and the patient will be able to address the physician basing on the diagnosis made in Arlington Urgent Care. At the end of the visit the patient can fill the feedback form, where he can point out his im pressions of the clinic services to help make the work of Arlington Urgent Care clinic more efficient. Buy custom Arlington Urgent Care essay

Endangered Wild Life essays

Endangered Wild Life essays Since the beginning of man there has also been wildlife. There are the animals, the wild plants and also the ocean creatures. For thousands of years animals have made almost every inch of earth their home. Now that man has exceedingly populated, the numbers of animals have dropped drastically. There are vast varieties of species that have become extinct and others that are in the same path. Animals are not alone in this, but also wild plants, and water living creatures that are becoming rarer in these times. Not only in the Unite States is this happening, but all over the world, thousands of species are being dismembered everyday. The earth has become less attractive, because everyday wildlife is decreasing. The lack of wildlife has not only destroyed animals lives but also humans as well. We have seen extinction from its very beginning by viewing the bones of the dinosaurs. Extinction has had a slow rate in the last centuries, but now extinction has quickly risen. This process of extinction can now either happen by human activity or by natures process. In the last 200 years The United States has lost more birds than any other area of its comparable size (Greenway 35). A great example is the red-cockaded, which needs wood that is sixty to seventy years or older to make a home (Campbell 37). About twenty percent of the worlds freshwater fish species are either extinct or in state of dangerous incline (Stalcup 19). Birds are just one example out of many animals that are being threatened with extinction. Other animals such as rhinos, bears and tigers face the dangerous fear of extinction as well. Panda bears reproductive success is extremely low in the wild (Ward and Kynaston 48). The majority of the losses of these animals have been by habitat loss. Six out of the eight bear species are considered to be dangerous (Kynaston 153). In Africa, rhinoceroses face their worst enemy which is man on an ev...

Computing Project Essays

Computing Project Essays Computing Project Essay Computing Project Essay I came up with my project idea through a problem my friend, a shop clerk, who runs a DVD rental shop, had faced. He used to rent out DVDs to his registered customers for the price of à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½1.50 for old DVDs and à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½3.00 for DVDs which are pretty new but the problem was that he had to do everything without a computer system which made his job quite difficult for him. So I have decided to make a system for his video rental shop as my project which would make it easier for him. The general environment is him behind a counter surrounded by loads of DVDs so he is the only person who works in the shop, there is no staff but sometimes when required, he may get someone to cover for him if needed. The current system in operation works by a customer registering with the rental shop first they then receive their unique membership number which they then quote every time they want to rent a DVD out and then pay the rental price for that DVD. The shop clerk then looks for this membership number through a file which contains all the registered customers and their membership numbers, arranged in order from smallest to biggest and every time a new customer registers they get the next available membership number with in the file. The problem with the current system is that everything is done manually which is really time consuming and may get much difficult to maintain when and if the total number of members for that shop exceeds over 500, as looking for the membership numbers through a list of over 500 can take along time to find. For a solution to this problem I am aiming to come up with a system which will try to reduce the amount of time being spent while dealing with rentals and come up with a computerised system. I will transfer all the registered customers who are already registered with the shop to one single table first and then transfer all the DVDs which are available to rent at the shop to another separate table each with its own unique DVD ID. The shop clerks shop is open from 9 in the morning till 6 in the afternoon with no staff, just him. The problem is tackled now by the shop clerk just taking the orders and writing it down in a file he has with all the people who have registered with his shop, each having their own membership number. For example if a customer came into the shop and wanted to borrow a DVD, the customer would give the shop clerk their membership number, which then the shop clerk would search for this number in his file and write down the title of the DVD that has been borrowed into the file and take the money off the customer. A computer system can be used to completely computerise the system and reduce the time needed by having all the people who have registered with the shop in a single database with all their unique membership numbers. It could also allow the clerk to carry out other functions such as see which loans are overdue by the click of a button and print this out and target those people for repayment. The shop clerk will be able to answer any sort of questions I have which will help me in my project. 2. Identification of prospective users The computer system is going to be used by the shop clerk, who needs access to all the facilities, and mostly it will be only him who is going to be using it but sometimes when he has to take time off for a reason someone else may be using it. The shop clerk is computer literate but will require a bit of training before using the actual system. 3. User needs and acceptable limitations The shop clerk would like the system to: * Have some sort of security so I will be placing a username and password as security * He also wants it to allow him to register and update customers details with the shop * He also wants it to allow him to assign rented DVDs to people who have borrowed them * He would like to display the DVDs which havent been rented out when someone wants to rent out a DVD * The system must also print out a receipt for the customer * He also wants the system to allow him to add newly available DVDs to the existing selection * He also wants the system to be able to gather loans which are overdue and be able to print the list out * The system must allow the user to see which DVDs have been rented out and which havent * The system must be able to work out how much money the rental shop has made. The limitations would be that 4. Data Sources and Destinations * The shop clerk will type his username and password in to the system to access it. * When a customer is registering the details e.g. names, telephone number, address etc will come from the customer. This will be received in a paper form. * The DVDs will be obtained from the shop itself and its details will be entered into the system by the shop clerk/user. 5. Data Flow Diagram (Current System) (Proposed System) 6. Data Dictionary (Loans) Name Data Type Length Validation Example Data Comment Membership Number String Variable Must only be numbers 1658 Unique identifier of a registered customer DVD ID String Must only be numbers 125 Unique to every film Date Borrowed Date 10 characters 11/02/2005 The date a DVD was borrowed Due Date Date 10 characters 16/02/2005 The date a DVD is Due back Rental cost 5 characters à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½2.00 The price of renting a DVD Data Dictionary (Members) Name Data Type Length Validation Example Data Comment Title String 5 Characters Max Must Only Contain Letters Mr The title of a member Forename String 15 Characters Max Must Only Contain Letters John The forename of a member Surname String 15 Characters Max Must Only Contain Letters Smith The surname of a member Address 5 Lines Max 84 Lambert avenue etc The address of a member Telephone Number String 15 Characters Max Must only be numbers 0161 543 6789 The telephone number of a member Date Joined Date 10 characters Must only be numbers 05/06/2004 The date a member joined Additional Notes String 10 characters Any other additional notes that are needed on the member Data Dictionary (Films) Name Data Type Length Validation Example Data Comment Film Title The Matrix The name of the DVD Film Genre String 20 Characters Max Must only Contain letters Horror The genre of the film Length String 5 Characters 01.30 How long the film lasts for Age Certificate 2 Characters Must only Contain numbers 12 The minimum age you have to be to watch a film DVD ID String Variable Must only Contain numbers 126 The ID of the DVD which is specific to every DVD Price Currency Max 3 char Must only be numbers à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½1.50 The price charged for the loan Data Dictionary (Usernames and Passwords) Name Data Type Length Validation Example Data Comment DVD ID Number Variable Must only be a number 5 The ID of the DVD which is specific to every DVD movie Member ID Number Variable Must only be a number 12 7. E-R model for the existing system 8. Objectives of the project The project aims are: * The system must be user friendly and easy to figure out how to use it. * The system must have some sort of security and only valid users can log on * The system must be able to register and update customers details with the shop and should give them a unique membership ID in the process which can be used by the rental shop to identify the member * The system must be able to add new DVDs to the existing catalogue and should also give each DVD a unique DVD ID * The system must assign A Copy Id to each DVD cause there be more than one copy of the same DVD * The system must allow the user to see which DVDs have been rented out and which havent * The system must be able to assign rented DVDs to people who have borrowed them * The system must also print out a receipt for the customer * The system must also be able gather a list of all loans which are overdue and be able to print this list out * The system must be able to work out how much money the rental shop has made. Design 1. Overall system design This system will work by the user logging into the system to have access to it. The log in process will consist of a username and a password which will act as a security feature which the user had wanted so only authorised users can log in but before the user can log in to the system he must setup a username and a password. Once logged in the user will be able to register new customers with the shop. The shop clerk/user will give a form to the customer to fill in and return to him so that he can fill in the details into the system which will be stored in the Members Table and the system will then also generate and assign a member id for the new member. The member table will contain the entire customers which are registered with the shop. When one of the customers wants to rent out a DVD, the user has to make sure that DVD is available to rent out so what I am going to do in this system is that I will not be displaying any DVDs which are already rented out but only those which arent rented out will be displayed so that the user can only choose from a list of only those DVDs which arent rented out to prevent him from renting out a DVD which isnt available. The shop clerk will then go into the stock room and obtain that DVD and give it to the customer he will then create a record in the Loans table which will contain the member ID, Copy Number, the date borrowed, the return date and the rental cost. After this has been done the system will generate a receipt The system will also be able to return DVDs. When the customer returns to the shop to return the DVD he or she borrowed he will have to quote his or her membership together with the ID of the DVD they borrowed. The user will then be able to search through a list of all the records within the Loans table and delete that record. The system will also allow the shop clerk/user to add new DVDs to the existing selection. This will be done by the user manually entering the description of the DVD such as title, genre etc into a table called the films table using a keyboard. This system will also be able to come up with a list of all the loans which have been overdue so that the shop clerk can target those people for a fine upon returning the DVD which was really difficult to do when he was using a manual system as he had to go through the whole file. This will be done by coming up with a sequence of SQL which will be designed to search through the rentals table and retrieve those records which are more than 2 days over the date of borrowing the DVDs. This list of overdue loans can then be printed out by the user. Systems Flow Chart Diagram Registering Customers Adding New DVDs Renting Out A DVD Returning A DVD 2. Modular structure of system (Top Down Design) Membership Form The member ship form will be used by the user to register new members with the shop. The data entered will be stored in the Members Table It will also allow the user/clerk to edit or update the data of the members if necessary. Add New DVD Form The DVD form will allow the user to add DVDs to the existing catalogue by entering information such ass genre, title, Length etc This form will also allow the user to edit the information about the DVDs as well. Rent Out a DVD Form This form will allow the user to rent out a DVD to a certain member. Overdue Loans Form This form will allow the user to gather a list of all the loans which are overdue so that he can print them out and target those members for repayment. 3. Design Data Dictionary * ER Diagram Member can rent Film has one many times or many copies * Data Dictionary Table: Members Field Name Data Type Length Validation Example Data Comment MemberId String Must be numeric 4 This is the primary key Uniquely identifies a member Title String 5 Characters Max Must only be letters Mr The title of a member Forename String 15 Characters Max Must Only Contain Letters John The forename of a member Surname String 15 Characters Max Must Only Contain Letters Smith The surname of a member AddressLine1 String Must Only Contain Letters 14 Slade St Where the member lives. AddressLine2 String Must Only Contain Letters longsight AddressLine3 String Must Only Contain Letters Manchester AddressLine4 String Must contain both letters and numbers M15 0QJ TelNumber String 15 Characters Max Must only be numbers 0161 256 7654 The telephone number of a member DateJoined Date 10 characters Must only be numbers 10/09/2010 The date a member joined the club Additional Notes String 10 characters Any other additional notes that are needed on the member This table will contain all the members which have joined with the rental shop. It will be accessed using the primary key, MemberId. All new records will be placed at the end of the table. Table: Films Field Name Data Type Length Validation Example Data Comment DVDId String Variable Must only Contain numbers 126 The ID of the DVD which is specific to every DVD movie FilmTitle String Variable The Matrix The name of the DVD Film Genre String 20 Characters Max Must only Contain letters Horror The genre of the film Length String 5 Characters 01.30 How long the film lasts for AgeCertificate 4 Characters Max 12 The minimum age you have to be to watch a DVD film This table will contain all the DVDs which the rental shop contains. It will be accessed using the DVD ID which is the primary key. New DVDs can be added to the table which will be placed at the bottom of the table. Table: Loans Field Name Data Type Length Validation Example Data Comment Member ID Number Variable Must only be a number 12 DVD ID Number Variable Must only be a number 5 The ID of the DVD which is specific to every DVD movie Date Borrowed Date Max 10 Char 12/05/2005 The date a DVD was Borrowed DateBack Date Max 10 Char 16/14/2005 The date a DVD needs to be returned by LoanID Number Variable Must only be a number 6 The ID of a rental for a DVD Price Currency 6 Char Must only be a number à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½1.50 The price for renting a DVD This table will contain all the records of those members who have rented out a DVD. Once the DVD is returned that specific record will be deleted off this table. Table: Usernames And Passwords Field Name Data Type Length Validation Example Data Comment Member ID Number Variable Must only be a number 12 DVD ID Number Variable Must only be a number 5 The ID of the DVD which is specific to every DVD movie This table will contain all the usernames and passwords which will allow the user to enter into the system. 4. Storage media and format The media I intend to use to store my programs on is a CD-ROM disc. I dont need all the capacity of a CD-ROM but I intend to use this rather than a Floppy disc is because the programs wont be able to get deleted accidentally or maliciously on CD but with a floppy disc this is possible but then a gain a CD may get scratched up making the data within it unreadable. I will use a CD burner to burn my system to a CD-R using burning software. Once the system has been burned to CD-R this will make it read only meaning the system can not be delete or either written over All the databases will also need to be backed up to ensure that no data is accidentally lost or deliberately tampered with. All data will be backed up onto a CD every week and this disc will be kept in a safe place. Details of how to backup the data will be provided to the user. The program will be saved onto the hard drive so that the user doesnt have to load the CD every time he wants to use the program which is better off. 5. Identification of processes and algorithms for data transformation Login button on the Login Form: Begin If EdUsername.text = [Username] Then Begin If Edpassword.text = [Password] Then Begin FmmaninMenu.show; End Else Showmessage (Please enter a correct password) End Else Showmesage (Only Login If you are authorised to) This algorithm is used to login into the system. Rent Out Button begin Adoloans.open; if adoloans.locate(dvdid,strtoint(DBEdit1.text),[]) then showmessage(Already on loan) else begin xmem:= strtoint(dblkcbxmembers.text); adoqtoomany.Parameters[0].value:=xmem; adoqtoomany.Open; if ADOQtoomany.recordcount;=3 then showmessage (You Can Only Borrow A Maximum of 3 DVDs) end; This algorithm will be used to draw up and display messages if a member is trying to borrow more than 3 DVDs or the DVD he or she wants to borrow is already on loan. SQL SELECT [Loans Table].MemberID, [Loans Table].DVDId, [Films Table].FilmTitle, [Loans Table].DateBorrowed, [Loans Table].DateBack, [Loans Table].LoanID, [Loans Table].Price FROM [Members Table] INNER JOIN ([Films Table] INNER JOIN [Loans Table] ON [Films Table].DVDId = [Loans Table].DVDId) ON [Members Table].MemberId = [Loans Table].MemberID WHERE ((([Loans Table].DateBack);Date())); This SQL sequence will be used to gather a list of all the overdue loans. 6. User Interface Design My user interface will menu driven based. The menus will be accessed using buttons placed on forms with a label on each to indicate which button corresponds to which form. The forms displayed, selected from the main menu will have titles on them to identify them. The forms will not be cluttered and the layout of the buttons must be suitable so that there are spaces and blanks. Items must be placed in a logical way in order to make it easier for the user and to make it look nice. The forms will have to be coloured so that they look good. The font, colour size and style must be selected in a way which makes it easy to read for the user. The button which links back to the main menu must be located in a common position on all forms which will make it easier for the user to remember recognise where a common button is. Textboxes, command buttons, labels, frames, should all be sized oppositely so that it is easier for the user to distinguish what each text says and be able to enter or click on the correct prompt. Help facilities should be placed wherever required as the user is semi computer literate so hints would be useful. The Forms Will Look Like This: Setting up a Username and Password Form This is the Setting up a Username and Password Form. This is where the user will create a new username and a password which he or she will use to enter the system. The username and password will be saved in a table called the Usernames and Passwords table. Login Form This is the main menu form which will allow the user to access the other forms. Main Menu Form This is the main menu form which will allow the user to access the other forms. Register A Member Form This is the form which the user will use to register a member with the shop. Add New DVDs Form This form will be used by the user to add DVDs to the catalogue Rent Out A DVD Form This form will be used by the user to rent out a DVD to a member and a record will be created in the loans table identifying who has rented what DVD out. Return DVD Form This form will be used by the user when a member wants to return a DVD. When a DVD is returned the record is deleted off the loans table. Overdue Loans Form This form will be used by the user to generate a list of all the members who have not yet returned their DVD back to the shop. 7. Security and Integrity Plan I will try to keep the data as accurate as possible by using validation check and input masks.. I will implement a security feature on the Login Form which requires the correct username and password to prevent unauthorised access to the system. The validation check will be performed into the Login button on the login form so that the validity of the username and password can be checked. This will limit the chance of invalid access to the system. So if an incorrect username or password has been entered an error message will pop up telling the user that the username and password is incorrect and to re-enter it correctly. I will also use combo boxes where I think data doesnt really need to be typed into the system manually by the user but can be selected from a list to prevent anything inappropriate from being entered into the system which will help in increasing the integrity of the data entered.. I will also use input masks for things like the post code or telephone of a member as there all the post codes and telephone numbers are in one standard form for all members so this will also improve integrity. The measures I am putting in place to prevent data loss or corruption is that I will be outlining to the user to make regular backups so that if in any circumstance the data becomes corrupt or lost he can retrieve the data from a backup. I will also outline to the user that backups should be made everyday Details of how to carry out backing up of data will be given to the user as well. 8. System Security (access control) To prevent unauthorised access to the system I will provide a security feature which consists of a username and password. The user will first have to setup a username and password which once setup can be used to access the system. The pitfalls of this is that the login system will not have a limit on the number or passwords and usernames entered meaning that an unauthorised person may guess the username and password and enter the system. The system has no way off knowing whether the user who has logged on is the person who is really authorised to use this system or not. An alternative method could be to use biometric recognition but implementing this requires a lot of money and may be time-consuming. 8. Test strategy Once the system has finished I will test it in a methodological and structural way to make sure all process, buttons etc work correctly and efficiently. I will use testing The order in which I will test the system is as follows: Setup Username and Password Form I will ensure that the button for saving the Username and password works and that they get saved to the Usernames and Paswords table. Login Form I will ensure that only authorised users can log in and that if an incorrect username or password is entered the person can not log in without re-entering the correct username or password. Register A Member Form I will ensure that the details of the new member are saved to the table and that the input masks and combo boxes work as they should. I will also test the delete button for removing a member. Add New DVDs Form I will test the buttons for adding the details of the DVD to see if they are added to the table. I will test whether or not the same DVD can be added again. I will also test whether the delete button. Rent Out A DVD Form I will test whether the detail of the member who is renting the DVD is saved to the table and if a receipt can be printed out. I will also test whether a message pops if the DVD wanted is already on loan or not. Also I will test whether the system detects if that member has borrowed more than 3 DVDs. I will also test whether only DVDs that are not on loan are displayed. I will also test the buttons on that form. Returning A DVD I am going to test the buttons on this form and whether a record can be deleted using the delete button. I will also test whether the combo box displays only the lists off the members who are listed in the rentals table. Loans Overdue Form I will test whether the button for retrieving the list of all the overdue loans works and whether this can be printed. Testing Form Description of test Test Data Used Expected outcome Actual Outcome Page of Report 1 Username and Password Form Setting up a username and password Admin662 Xaverian Username and Password Saved As expected 2 Username and Password Form Username and Password fields left blank No Username No Password Error message should pop up As expected 3 Login Form When an authorised user logs on Admin662 Xaverian Main menu should open up As expected 4 Login Form When a invalid username and an invalid password is entered No Username No Password Error message should pop up As expected 5 Login Form When a valid username and an invalid password is entered Admin662 No Password Error message should pop up As expected 6 Login Form When a invalid username and a valid password is entered John Xaverian Error message should pop up As expected 7 Main Menu Check all links Correct forms open up As expected 8 Register a Member Registering a Member Details of that member should be saved, Confirmation message should pop up. As expected 9 Register a Member Title left blank but rest of the fields are not No Title An error message should pop up As Expected 10 Register a Member Forename left blank but rest of the fields are not No Forename An error message should pop up As Expected 11 Register a Member Surname left blank but rest of the fields are not No Surname An error message should pop up As Expected 12 Register a Member House Number left blank but rest of the fields are not No House Number An error message should pop up As Expected 13 Register a Member Street Name left blank but rest of the fields are not No Street Name An error message should pop up As Expected 14 Register a Member Town left blank but rest of the fields are not No Town An error message should pop up As Expected 15 Register a Member Post Code left blank but rest of the fields are not No Post Code An error message should pop up As Expected 16 Register a Member Tel No left blank but rest of the fields are not No Tel no An error message should pop up As Expected Register a Member Deleting a Member from the table A confirmation message pops up and deletes member As Expected Add DVDs Adding a DVD to the selection of DVDs available DVD is added to the selection. Confirmation message should pop up As expected Add DVDs Film Title Left blank but rest of Them Have not The Matrix Rest left Blank An error message should pop up As Expected Add DVDs Price Per Day field Left Blank and rest have not à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½3 Rest left Blank And Error message should pop up As expected Add DVDs When the same Film Is added twice An error message should pop up As expected 22 Form Description of test Test Data Used Expected outcome Actual Outcome Page of Report 23 Add DVDs Removing A DVD DVD should be deleted from the table As expected 24 Rent Out A DVD Renting Out A DVD to A Member DVD is rented out and added to the loans table As expected 25 Rent Out A DVD When a member is not selected but the rest of the fields have data entered in them And error message should pop up As expected 26 Rent Out A DVD When a DVD is not selected but the rest of the fields have data entered in them And error message should pop up As expected 27 Rent Out A DVD When a Price for a DVD is left blank but the rest of the fields have data entered in them And error message should pop up As expected 28 Rent Out A DVD When A Member is trying to rent out more than 3 DVDs And error message should pop up As Expected 29 Rent Out A DVD Renting out a DVD that is already on loan And error message should pop up As Expected 30 Rent Out A DVD Printing the receipt A confirmation message pops up As Expected 31 Returning A DVD Returning A DVD A confirmation message should pop up and the record should be deleted As Expected 32 Returning A DVD When a member has not been selected An error message should pop up As Expected 33 Loans Overdue Testing whether the button to activate a query works. A confirmation message should pop up and a list of all the overdue loans should be listed As expected 34 Loans Testing whether the overdue loans list prints out A confirmation message should pop up and the overdue loans list should print out. As expected 35 Register A Member Testing whether the input masks work The input mask should only accept the data in the format its setup to accept A As expected System maintenance 1. System Overview This is a DVD Rental System which is used by a user who owns a DVD renting shop. Though a username and password facility the user/shop clerk is able register members to the shop giving them the opportunity to rent DVDs from his shop. It also allows the user to add DVDs to the selection of DVDs that he already has. It also allows the user to assign DVDs to people who have rented them and also allows him to gain a list of all the members who have borrowed a DVD and have not returned them on time. Using the programming software Delphi allowed me to use some of its ADO components which allowed me to link my system to a database in access. The tables this system uses are the: * Members Table Contains all the members who are registered with the shop * Films Table Contains a list of all the DVDs available to rent at the shop * Loans Table Contains a list of all the members who have rented out DVDs * Usernames and Passwords Table Contains a list of all the usernames and passwords that can be used to access the system. 2. Brief summary of features used Some of the components of Delphi I used were: ADO table Function This component allowed me to link a specific table in a database in Access to Delphi, which then allowed me to enter details into edit boxes on Delphi which then automatically updated in the tables in Access. ADO Query Function This function allowed me to create a query in Access and then allowed me to enter the SQL statement into this component and then displayed the results of this query in Delphi. I made a connection string to my Access database, selected the table I wanted to query, and then I wrote the SQL statement. DB Grid Function This function allowed me to display a table in a database in Access in Delphi. DB Combo Box Function This function allowed me to list the data of an Access table in the form of a combo box. All the properties of these above components were set using the object inspector below: Debugging Function When there was a syntax error I used the debugging facility to help me fix the error. The Access tables which I used were the: Members Table (Design View) Films Table (Design View) Loans Table (Deign View) Usernames and Passwords Table (Design View) 3. Details of SQL Used Overdue Loans Query SELECT [Loans Table].MemberID, [Loans Table].DVDId, [Films Table].FilmTitle, [Loans Table].DateBorrowed, [Loans Table].DateBack, [Loans Table].LoanID, [Loans Table].Price FROM [Members Table] INNER JOIN ([Films Table] INNER JOIN [Loans Table] ON [Films Table].DVDId = [Loans Table].DVDId) ON [Members Table].MemberId = [Loans Table].MemberID WHERE ((([Loans Table].DateBack);Date())); This query was used to gather a list of all the loans which are overdue. This is present on the Overdue Loans Form below on this ADO Query component. 4. Sample of detailed Algorithm Design Setting Up Username and Password procedure TFMSetupUserandPass.BtnSaveClick(Sender: TObject); begin//begin if//if (EdUsername.text=) and (edPassword.text=) then//the text in edusername and edpassword is blank then Begin//begin showmessage(Please Enter A Username And A password)//show message please enter a username and password end//end else//otherwise begin//begin ADOuandpsetup.append; ADOuandpsetup [username]:=EdUsername.text;//take the text in edusername and place into the field called username in an access table ADOuandpsetup [Password]:=EdPassword.text take the text in edpasssword and place into the field called password in an access table ADOuandpsetup.post;//send the text Showmessage (Your Username and Password has Been Saved);//showmessage username and password saved end; end; end. Adding a DVD to a Table procedure TFmAddNewDvd.BtnAddDvdsClick(Sender: TObject); var FmAddNewDvd: TFmAddNewDvd; DVDid:integer; Begin//begin if adofilms.recordcount=0 then//if the number of records in adofilms is 0 then dvdid:=0//give the DVDID as 0 else//otherwise begin//begin adofilms.Open;//open adofilms adofilms.last; dvdid:=adofilms[dvdid];// insert the value of the variable dvdid into the field DVDID in the access table end; DVDid:=DVDid+1;//add 1 to whatever value the variable DVDID is ADOFilms.Append; ADOFilms [DVDId]:=DVDid;//insert the value of the variable dvdid into the field DVDID in the access table ADOFilms [filmtitle]:=LblEdFilmTitle.Text;//whatever is in the field lbledfilmtitle insert this into the field filmtitle in the access table ADOFilms [genre]:=CBgenre.Text; whatever is in the field cbgenre insert this into the field genre in the access table ADOFilms [Length]:=lbledLength.Text; whatever is in the field lbledlength insert this into the field length in the access table ADOFilms [AgeCertificate]:=CBAgeCert.Text; whatever is in the field cbagecert insert this into the field agecertificate in the access table ADOFilms [priceperday]:=LblEdPricePerDay.Text; whatever is in the field lbledpriceperday insert this into the field priceperday in the access table adofilms.post;//send this to the table showmessage (DVD Has Been Added To The Selection)//show this message end; end;//end end; 5. Procedures and Variables List Procedures Setting Up Username And Password Form procedure TFMSetupUserandPass.BtnSaveClick(Sender: TObject); This button is used to save the new username and password the user has selected to the usernames and passwords table. Login Form procedure TFMLogin.BtnLoginClick(Sender: TObject); This procedure is used by the user to login to the system and gain access to the main menu Main MenuForm procedure TFmMenu.BtnRegAMemClick(Sender: TObject); This procedure diplays the Regester A Member Form procedure TFmMenu.BtnAddDVDClick(Sender: TObject); This procedure displays the Add DVD Form procedure TFmMenu.BtnRntDVDClick(Sender: TObject); This procedure displays the Rent Out A DVD Form procedure TFmMenu.BtnReturnDvdClick(Sender: TObject); This procedure displays the Return DVD Form procedure TFmMenu.BtnLoansOverdueClick(Sender: TObject); This procedure displays the Loans Overdue Form Register A Member Form procedure TFmRegAMem.BtnNewMemberClick(Sender: TObject); This procedure adds the details of a new member to the Members Table procedure TFmRegAMem.BtnExitClick(Sender: TObject); This procedure closes the form and returns back to the main menu Add New DVDs Form procedure TFmAddNewDvd.BtnAddDvdsClick(Sender: TObject); This procedure adds the details of a DVD to the Films Table procedure BtnExitClick(Sender: TObject); This procedure exits the form and returns back to the manin menu form. Rent Out A DVD Form procedure TFMRentOutaDVD.BtnClick(Sender: TObject); This procedure adds a record to the loans table outlining who has rented which DVD and at what price. procedure TFMRentOutaDVD.BtnPrintClick(Sender: TObject); This procedure is to print out a recipet after a customer has rented out a DVD procedure TFMRentOutaDVD.BtnExitClick(Sender: TObject); This procedure is to exit the form and return back to the main menu. Return DVD Form procedure TFmReturnedDvds.BtnRentClick(Sender: TObject); This procedure retrns the DVD and deletes the record in the Loans Table procedure TFmReturnedDvds.Button1Click(Sender: TObject); This procedure closes the form and returns back to the main menu form procedure TFmReturnedDvds.dblkcbxmembersClick(Sender: TObject); This procedure Overdue Loans Form procedure TFmLoansOverdue.BtnActivateQueryClick(Sender: TObject); This procedure actvates the query to gather all the loans which are overdue. procedure TFmLoansOverdue.BtnPrintClick(Sender: TObject); This procedure is to print out the overdue loans list procedure TFmLoansOverdue.BtnExitClick(Sender: TObject); This procedure is to exit the form and return back to the main menu. Variables List Register a Member Form Variable Global/Local MemberID Local Add New DVD Form Variable Global/Local DVDID Local Rent Out a DVD Form Variable Global/Local Xmem Local dpmm Local Return DVD Form Variable Global/Local Xmem Local Overdue Loans Form Variable Global/Local dpmm Local row Local Annotated Listing of Program Code unit USetupUserAndPass; interface uses Windows, Messages, SysUtils, Variants, Classes, Graphics, Controls, Forms, Dialogs, StdCtrls, DB, ADODB; type TFMSetupUserandPass = class(TForm) Label1: TLabel; Label2: TLabel; EdUsername: TEdit; EdPassword: TEdit; BtnSave: TButton; ADOuandpsetup: TADOTable; DSuandpsetup: TDataSource; Label3: TLabel; Label4: TLabel; Label5: TLabel; procedure BtnSaveClick(Sender: TObject); private { Private declarations } public { Public declarations } end; var FMSetupUserandPass: TFMSetupUserandPass; implementation {$R *.dfm} procedure TFMSetupUserandPass.BtnSaveClick(Sender: TObject); begin//begin if//if (EdUsername.text=) and (edPassword.text=) then//the text in edusername and edpassword is blank then Begin//begin showmessage(Please Enter A Username And A password)//show message please enter a username and password end//end else//otherwise begin//begin ADOuandpsetup.append; ADOuandpsetup [username]:=EdUsername.text;//take the text in edusername and place into the field called username in an access table ADOuandpsetup [Password]:=EdPassword.text take the text in edpasssword and place into the field called password in an access table ADOuandpsetup.post;//send the text Showmessage (Your Username and Password has Been Saved);//showmessage username and password saved end; end; end. unit Ulogin; interface uses Windows, Messages, SysUtils, Variants, Classes, Graphics, Controls, Forms, Dialogs, StdCtrls, DB, ADODB; type TFMLogin = class(TForm) EdUserName: TEdit; EdPass: TEdit; Label1: TLabel; Label2: TLabel; Label3: TLabel; Btnlogin: TButton; ADOuandpsetup: TADOTable; DSuandpsetup: TDataSource; procedure BtnLoginClick(Sender: TObject); private { Private declarations } public { Public declarations } end; var FMLogin: TFMLogin; implementation uses Umenu; {$R *.dfm} procedure TFMLogin.BtnLoginClick(Sender: TObject); begin ADOUandPSetup.Open;//open the adouandpsetup if ADOUandPSetup.locate(username,(edusername.text),[]) and //if the contents of the field in the edusername is identical to that in the usernames and password table in the field named usernames and ADOUandPSetup.locate(password,(edpass.text),[])// if the contents of the field in the edpassword is identical to that in the usernames and password table named the field password Then//then Begin//begin showmessage (You Have Logged In Successfully);//show this message fmmenu.show//and show this form end else//otherwise showmessage (You Have Either Entered and Inavalid Username And Password or Are Not Authorised to Use this System) //show this message end;//end end. unit Umenu; interface uses Windows, Messages, SysUtils, Variants, Classes, Graphics, Controls, Forms, Dialogs, StdCtrls, ExtCtrls; type TFmMenu = class(TForm) BtnRegAMem: TButton; BtnRntDVD: TButton; BtnAddDVD: TButton; Label1: TLabel; BtnExt: TButton; BtnReturnDvd: TButton; BtnLoansOverdue: TButton; Image1: TImage; BtnLogin: TButton; BtnSetupUandP: TButton; procedure BtnSetupUandPClick(Sender: TObject); procedure BtnLoginClick(Sender: TObject); procedure BtnExtClick(Sender: TObject); procedure BtnRegAMemClick(Sender: TObject); procedure BtnRntDVDClick(Sender: TObject); procedure BtnAddDVDClick(Sender: TObject); procedure BtnCreateReportClick(Sender: TObject); procedure BtnReturnDvdClick(Sender: TObject); procedure BtnLoansOverdueClick(Sender: TObject); private { Private declarations } public { Public declarations } end; var FmMenu: TFmMenu; implementation uses URegisterMember, UAddNewDVD, UCreateAReport, URentOutaDVD, UReturnedDVDs, ULoansOverdue, Ulogin, USetupUserAndPass; {$R *.dfm} procedure TFmMenu.BtnExtClick(Sender: TObject); begin close; end; procedure TFmMenu.BtnRegAMemClick(Sender: TObject); begin FmRegAMem.show end; procedure TFmMenu.BtnRntDVDClick(Sender: TObject); begin FMRentOutaDVD.show end; procedure TFmMenu.BtnAddDVDClick(Sender: TObject); begin FmAddNewDvd.show end; procedure TFmMenu.BtnCreateReportClick(Sender: TObject); begin FmCreateAReport.show end; procedure TFmMenu.BtnReturnDvdClick(Sender: TObject); begin FmReturnedDvds.show end; procedure TFmMenu.BtnLoansOverdueClick(Sender: TObject); begin FmLoansOverdue.show; end; procedure TFmMenu.BtnLoginClick(Sender: TObject); begin fmlogin.show; end; procedure TFmMenu.BtnSetupUandPClick(Sender: TObject); begin fmsetupuserandpass.show; end; end. unit URegisterMember; interface uses Windows, Messages, SysUtils, Variants, Classes, Graphics, Controls, Forms, Dialogs, StdCtrls, ExtCtrls, Grids, DBGrids, DB, ADODB, DBCtrls, Mask; type TFmRegAMem = class(TForm) ADOMembers: TADOTable; DSMembers: TDataSource; DBMembers: TDBGrid; LblEdForename: TLabeledEdit; LblEdSurname: TLabeledEdit; LblEdHouseNumber: TLabeledEdit; LblEdStreetName: TLabeledEdit; LblEdTown: TLabeledEdit; LblEdAddNotes: TLabeledEdit; BtnNewMember: TButton; DBNavigator2: TDBNavigator; Label1: TLabel; Button1: TButton; CBTitle: TComboBox; Label2: TLabel; LblEdPostCode: TMaskEdit; Label4: TLabel; LbledTelno: TMaskEdit; Label3: TLabel; procedure Button1Click(Sender: TObject); procedure BtnExitClick(Sender: TObject); procedure BtnNewMemberClick(Sender: TObject); private { Private declarations } public { Public declarations } end; var FmRegAMem: TFmRegAMem; memberid:integer; implementation uses Umenu; {$R *.dfm} procedure TFmRegAMem.BtnExitClick(Sender: TObject); begin Close; end; procedure TFmRegAMem.BtnNewMemberClick(Sender: TObject); begin if (cbtitle.Text=) then//if what is in cbtitle is blank then begin showmessage(Please Enter A Title)// show message please select a title end; if (LblEdforename.Text=) then//the below code is similar to what I have written above begin showmessage(Please Enter A Forename) end; if (lbledSurname.Text=) then begin showmessage(Please Enter A Surname) end; if (lbledhousenumber.Text=) then begin showmessage(Please Enter A House Number) end; if (lbledStreetName.Text=) then begin showmessage(Please Enter A Street Name) end; if (lbledtown.Text=) then begin showmessage(Please Enter A Town) end; if (lbledpostcode.Text=) then begin showmessage(Please Enter A PostCode) end; if (lbledtelno.Text=) then begin showmessage(Please Enter A Telephone Number) end else begin begin if adomembers.recordcount=0 then memberid:=0 else begin adomembers.open; adomembers.last; memberid:=adomembers[memberid] end; memberid:=memberid+1;//add 1 to whatecer memberid is ADOMembers.Append;//append the access table called members ADOMembers [memberId]:=memberid; ADOMembers [title]:=cbtitle.text;//whatever is in cbtitle, place that in the title field in the members table ADOMembers [forename]:=LblEdforename.Text;//all the below code is similar to what I have written above ADOMembers [surname]:=lbledSurname.Text; ADOMembers [house number]:=lbledhousenumber.Text; ADOMembers [street name]:=lbledstreetname.Text; ADOMembers [Town]:=lbledtown.Text; ADOMembers [Tel number]:=LbledTelno.Text; Adomembers [Date Joined]:=date; ADOMembers [Post Code]:=lbledpostcode.Text; ADOMembers [Additional Notes]:=lbledaddnotes.Text; showmessage (Member Has Been Added); adomembers.post; end; end; end; procedure TFmRegAMem.Button1Click(Sender: TObject); begin fmmenu.show;//show this form end; end. unit UAddNewDVD; interface uses Windows, Messages, SysUtils, Variants, Classes, Graphics, Controls, Forms, Dialogs, StdCtrls, ExtCtrls, Grids, DBGrids, DB, ADODB, DBCtrls; type TFmAddNewDvd = class(TForm) DSFilms: TDataSource; ADOFilms: TADOTable; DBFilms: TDBGrid; LblEdFilmTitle: TLabeledEdit; LblEdLength: TLabeledEdit; CBGenre: TComboBox; CBAgeCert: TComboBox; BtnAddDvds: TButton; BtnExit: TButton; DBNavigator1: TDBNavigator; LblEdPricePerDay: TLabeledEdit; Label1: TLabel; procedure BtnAddDvdsClick(Sender: TObject); procedure BtnExitClick(Sender: TObject); private { Private declarations } public { Public declarations } end; var FmAddNewDvd: TFmAddNewDvd; DVDid:integer; implementation uses Umenu; {$R *.dfm} procedure TFmAddNewDvd.BtnAddDvdsClick(Sender: TObject); var FmAddNewDvd: TFmAddNewDvd; DVDid:integer; Begin//begin if adofilms.recordcount=0 then//if the number of records in adofilms is 0 then dvdid:=0//give the DVDID as 0 else//otherwise begin//begin adofilms.Open;//open adofilms adofilms.last; dvdid:=adofilms[dvdid];// insert the value of the variable dvdid into the field DVDID in the access table end; DVDid:=DVDid+1;//add 1 to whatever value the variable DVDID is ADOFilms.Append; ADOFilms [DVDId]:=DVDid;//insert the value of the variable dvdid into the field DVDID in the access table ADOFilms [filmtitle]:=LblEdFilmTitle.Text;//whatever is in the field lbledfilmtitle insert this into the field filmtitle in the access table ADOFilms [genre]:=CBgenre.Text; whatever is in the field cbgenre insert this into the field genre in the access table ADOFilms [Length]:=lbledLength.Text; whatever is in the field lbledlength insert this into the field length in the access table ADOFilms [AgeCertificate]:=CBAgeCert.Text; whatever is in the field cbagecert insert this into the field agecertificate in the access table ADOFilms [priceperday]:=LblEdPricePerDay.Text; whatever is in the field lbledpriceperday insert this into the field priceperday in the access table adofilms.post;//send this to the table showmessage (DVD Has Been Added To The Selection)//show this message end; end;//end end; procedure TFmAddNewDvd.BtnExitClick(Sender: TObject); begin fmmenu.show; end; end. unit URentOutaDVD; interface uses Windows, Messages, SysUtils, Variants, Classes, Graphics, Controls, Forms, Dialogs, DBCtrls, DB, ADODB, StdCtrls, Grids, DBGrids, Mask,printers, ExtCtrls; type TFMRentOutaDVD = class(TForm) DSFilms: TDataSource; ADOFilms: TADOTable; ADOMembers: TADOTable; DSMembers: TDataSource; dblkcbxdvd: TDBLookupComboBox; dblkcbxmembers: TDBLookupComboBox; DSLoans: TDataSource; ADOLoans: TADOTable; DBGrid1: TDBGrid; BtnRent: TButton; DBEdit1: TDBEdit; DBEdit2: TDBEdit; Label1: TLabel; Label2: TLabel; ADOQtoomany: TADOQuery; DSquery: TDataSource; LblPrice: TLabel; edPrice: TEdit; DBGrid2: TDBGrid; Button2: TButton; Label4: TLabel; Button1: TButton; DBNavigator1: TDBNavigator; procedure BtnClick(Sender: TObject); procedure Button1Click(Sender: TObject); procedure Button2Click(Sender: TObject); private { Private declarations } public { Public declarations } end; var FMRentOutaDVD: TFMRentOutaDVD; implementation uses UCalcPrice, Umenu; {$R *.dfm} procedure TFMRentOutaDVD.BtnClick(Sender: TObject); var xmem:integer; begin if (dblkcbxmembers.Text=) then//if the contents of dblkcbxmembers is blank then show message please select a member showmessage(Please Select A Member); if (dblkcbxdvd.Text=) then//if dblkcbxdvd is empty then showmessage(Please Select A DVD To Rent Out);//show message pleasae select a DVD if (edPrice.Text=) then//if the edprice field is left blank then showmessage(Please Check The Rental Price Per Day of The DVD On The Table on The Right and Enter This In the Price Of DVD Field);//show the message Please Check The Rental Price Per Day of The DVD On The Table on The Right and Enter This In the Price Of DVD begin Adoloans.open;//open adoloans if adoloans.locate(dvdid,strtoint(DBEdit1.text),[]) then//if the content of dbedit1 is equal to that in the loans table then showmessage(Already on loan)//show the message already on loan else//else begin//begin xmem:= strtoint(dblkcbxmembers.text);// adoqtoomany.Parameters[0].value:=xmem; adoqtoomany.Close; adoqtoomany.Open; if ADOQtoomany.recordcount;=3 then showmessage (You Can Only Borrow A Maximum of 3 DVDs) else begin ADOLoans.Append;//append the loans table ADOloans [memberId]:=strtoint(dblkcbxmembers.text);//add whatever is in the dblkcbmembers field into the field named memberid in the access table called loans ADOloans [DVDid]:=strtoint(dbedit1.text);//add whatver is in dbedit1 to the access table called loans in the field dvdid AdoLoans [DateBorrowed]:=date; AdoLoans [price]:=2*adofilms[priceperday]; AdoLoans [DateBack]:=date+2;//add 2 to the dateback field showmessage(DVD Has Been Rented); Adoloans.post; Adoloans.close; Adoloans.open; end; end; end; end; procedure TFMRentOutaDVD.Button1Click(Sender: TObject); begin fmmenu.show; end; procedure TFMRentOutaDVD.Button2Click(Sender: TObject); var dpmm:integer; begin //now print out confirmation recipet. with printer do begin dpmm:=pagewidth div 210; begindoc; with canvas do begin font.size:=16;//font size to be printed font.name:=comic sans MS;//font type font.style:=[fsbold]; textout(20*dpmm,20*dpmm,K Rentals Recipt **Customer copy**); font.size:=14; font.style:=[]; adoloans.Last; textout(20*dpmm,30*dpmm,Member ID :+dblkcbxmembers.Text); in that position on the paper display member id textout(20*dpmm,40*dpmm,Member Name:+DBEdit2.Text); in that position on the paper display member name textout(20*dpmm,50*dpmm,DVD Tittle :+dblkcbxdvd.text); in that position on the paper display dvd title textout(20*dpmm,60*dpmm,DVD ID :+DBEdit1.text); textout(20*dpmm,70*dpmm,Date Borrowed : +datetostr(adoloans[dateborrowed])); textout(20*dpmm,80*dpmm,Return Date : +datetostr(adoloans[dateback])); textout(20*dpmm,90*dpmm,Price Of DVD : à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ +currtostr(adoloans[price])); showmessage (Recipt Is Being Printed) end; enddoc; end; end; end. unit UReturnedDVDs; interface uses Windows, Messages, SysUtils, Variants, Classes, Graphics, Controls, Forms, Dialogs, DB, ADODB, StdCtrls, Mask, DBCtrls, Grids, DBGrids; type TFmReturnedDvds = class(TForm) BtnRent: TButton; DBGrid1: TDBGrid; Label2: TLabel; DSFilms: TDataSource; ADOFilms: TADOTable; ADOMembers: TADOTable; DSMembers: TDataSource; DSLoans: TDataSource; ADOLoans: TADOTable; dblkcbxmembers: TDBLookupComboBox; DBEdit1: TDBEdit; Label1: TLabel; Label3: TLabel; Button1: TButton; DBEdit2: TDBEdit; Label4: TLabel; procedure dblkcbxmembersClick(Sender: TObject); procedure Button1Click(Sender: TObject); procedure BtnRentClick(Sender: TObject); private { Private declarations } public { Public declarations } end; var FmReturnedDvds: TFmReturnedDvds; implementation uses Umenu; {$R *.dfm} procedure TFmReturnedDvds.BtnRentClick(Sender: TObject); var xmem:string; begin if(dblkcbxmembers.text=) then//if the content of dblkcbmembers is empty showmessage (Please Select A Member)//showmessage please select a member else//otherwise begin//begin xmem:=dblkcbxmembers.text;//if assign dblkcbxmembers to the variable xmem adoloans.locate(memberid,xmem,[]);//loacate the field in access table loans called memberid adoloans.Delete;//then delete that record from the table showmessage (DVD Has Been Returned)//show message DVD has been returned end; end; procedure TFmReturnedDvds.Button1Click(Sender: TObject); begin fmmenu.show; end; procedure TFmReturnedDvds.dblkcbxmembersClick(Sender: TObject); begin begin adofilms.locate(DVDid,dbedit1.Text,[]); // edit1.Text:=adofilms[filmtitle]; end; end; end. unit ULoansOverdue; interface uses Windows, Messages, SysUtils, Variants, Classes, Graphics, Controls, Forms, Dialogs, StdCtrls, DB, Grids, DBGrids,printers, ADODB; type TFmLoansOverdue = class(TForm) ADOQuery1: TADOQuery; DBGrid1: TDBGrid; DSQuery: TDataSource; Button1: TButton; BtnActivateQuery: TButton; Label1: TLabel; Button2: TButton; procedure Button2Click(Sender: TObject); procedure Button1Click(Sender: TObject); procedure BtnActivateQueryClick(Sender: TObject); procedure FormActivate(Sender: TObject); private { Private declarations } public { Public declarations } end; var FmLoansOverdue: TFmLoansOverdue; implementation uses Umenu; {$R *.dfm} procedure TFmLoansOverdue.Button1Click(Sender: TObject); var dpmm,row:integer; begin //now print out confirmation recipet. with printer do begin dpmm:=pagewidth div 210; begindoc; with canvas do begin font.size:=16; font.name:=comic sans MS; font.style:=[fsbold]; textout(05*dpmm,01*dpmm,K Rentals Overdue Loans); font.size:=12; font.style:=[]; adoquery1.open; adoquery1.First; row:=30; textout(08*dpmm,20*dpmm,Member ID ); textout(35*dpmm,20*dpmm,DVD ID ); textout(60*dpmm,20*dpmm,Date Rented ); textout(92*dpmm,20*dpmm,Date Back ); textout(120*dpmm,20*dpmm,Film Title ); textout(180*dpmm,20*dpmm,Loan ID :); while not adoquery1.eof do begin textout(20*dpmm,row*dpmm,inttostr(adoquery1[memberid])); textout(40*dpmm,row*dpmm,inttostr(adoquery1[DVDId])); textout(60*dpmm,row*dpmm,datetostr(adoquery1[Dateborrowed])); textout(90*dpmm,row*dpmm,datetostr(adoquery1[Dateback])); textout(120*dpmm,row*dpmm,adoquery1[FilmTitle]); textout(182*dpmm,row*dpmm,inttostr(adoquery1[LoanID])); adoquery1.next; row:=row+10; showmessage (The List is Being Printed) end; end; enddoc; end; end; procedure TFmLoansOverdue.BtnActivateQueryClick(Sender: TObject); begin ADOQuery1.Active:=true;//actuvates the adoquery1 showmessage (All Overdue Loans Have Been Gathered) end; procedure TFmLoansOverdue.FormActivate(Sender: TObject); begin ADOQuery1.Active:=false; end; procedure TFmLoansOverdue.Button2Click(Sender: TObject); begin fmmenu.show; end; end. User Manual 1. Brief Introduction This system was designed to aid the renting of DVDs at a DVD rental shop. It allows customer details and DVD details to be recorded in a database with a member ID and DVD ID generated and assigned with them. It also allows the user to rent out DVDs to members and while doing so a record is created on who borrowed the DVD and what that DVD was called and also calculates the rental price. After a rental has been made it allows the user to print out a receipt for the customer. It restricts also the number of DVDs a member can borrow and tells the member whether a certain DVD is in stock or not. The system can also generate a list of all the rentals which are overdue so that the user/shop owner can give them a late fine. This list can also be printed out. 2. Installation Instructions To install the system you first insert the CD-R with the system on it into the CD drive and then click on My Computer which looks like this: Clicking on this, will open a window, you then click the CD-Rom drive, this will then show you the contents if the CD-R. Then you copy the.exe file to the local drive. Then create a new folder named DVD Rental System and copy the PrDVDRentalsystem.exe into this folder. Then right click this icon and click on create a shortcut to the desktop. In future you can then use this icon to directly open up the system and use it. Also make sure you have the software Microsoft Access installed on your computer as for this system to function, this is required. 3. Tutorial Guide Setting up a Username and Password Form First of all to have access to the system you will have setup a username and password. This should be carried out when you first run the program. A form like the one below should appear: You then enter the username you want and the password you want. When you have finished choosing you username and password you then click on the Save Username and Password button. This will then save your username and password to the Usernames and Passwords table. Now you will be able to log in to the system. Login Form Now that you have setup a username and password, you can now login to the system by entering your new username and password, which has to be valid into the Login Form. This is displayed below. Main Menu Form Once you have logged into the system with a valid username and password you will see the Main Menu Form, which is displayed below: From this form you will be able to access the different functions of this system by clicking on the buttons which displayed that specific form. These functions/forms include: * Register A Member * Add New DVDs * Rent Out a DVD * Gather Overdue Loans (Note. These functions can only be accessed if you have been cleared through the login page with a valid username and password) Register a Member The register a member function can be accessed by the user via the main menu form by clicking on the register a member button. On this form the user can register a new member with the shop with all the details of that new member, such as forename, surname, address etc saved into the Members table. All the fields that have a * must be entered otherwise the system will not add the data to the database and will display an error message Also if the user wanted to delete a member from the shop, he could do this by using the minus button found on the navigator bar. If the user wanted to return to the main menu, he or she can access this by click on the return to main menu button. . Add New DVDs Form The adding a new DVD function can be accessed by the user via the main menu form by clicking on the Add New DVD button. On this form the user can enter the details of the DVD, such as film title, genre, length etc that they are adding to the existing catalogue and save this in the Films Table If the user wants to remove a DVD from the catalogue they can do this using the minus button found on the navigator bar. If the Film title field and the Price per Day field arent entered an error message will pop up asking the user to enter these fields as they are mandatory. Rent Out a DVD Form If a user wanted to rent out a DVD to a member, this form should be accessed via the main menu. The user should then select the ID of the member who wishes to borrow a DVD and also select the ID of the DVD the member wishes to borrow. This can be selected in the combo boxes on the form. The user should enter the rental price of that DVD by gaining the price information of that DVD using the grid on the right. This outlines to the user how much a certain DVD is going to cost the member to borrow. Once a member ID and DVD ID has been selected then the user should click on the Rent button. This button will save the details to the Loans table and a receipt can be printed and given to the member using the Print button. If the member who wishes to borrow a DVD has 3 DVDs already on loan then he or she cannot borrow any more DVDs until those DVDs are brought back to the shop and the loan record deleted. Also if a specific DVD is already on loan to another member then a message will pop up to tell the user that this DVD is Already on Loan. Return DVD Form This function is used when a member returns a DVD back to the shop. The user selects the ID of that member from the combo box and then clicks on the Return button. This button then removes the record for that loan from the Loans table. Loans Overdue Form This function can be used by the user to gather a list of all the loans which are overdue so that the user can fine the member who has not brought back the DVD on time. The list can be gathered using Click to gather a list of all overdue loans. The list can then be printed off. 4. Error Messages This error message occurs if the user has entered the wrong username or password or an unauthorised person is trying to log into the system. If this error message occurs then the user should make sure that he or she has entered the correct username and password. This error message pops up when the user hasnt typed in the film title of the DVD he is trying to add to the catalogue. To solve this he should enter the title of the DVD into that field. This error message is displayed when a member who wants to borrow a DVD already has a maximum of 3 DVDs on loan so he or she cannot borrow anymore DVDs until they have brought those back. To overcome this problem the user must get the member to bring that DVD and return it to the shop. This error message is displayed when the user tries to rent out a DVD to a member that is already on loan. Feasibility of potential Solution There a number of alternative solutions to come up with a suitable solution for this problem. These can include: Program solution I could come up with a bespoke program for the shop clerk to use. This could be programmed using Delphi which I have decent knowledge of. I could create menus with buttons and use text boxes for entering data. I could then create files of records to store data which could then be manipulated. The advantages of using Delphi are: * Increased flexibility allowing me to be able to fulfil the user requirements more easily. * The user interfaces can be very similar to the widely used windows style * Files can be created to store data * Hint messages and error messages are available to help when errors occur. * Formatted designs can be designed and printed easily. * The user doesnt need to buy the software, the .exe file can just be saved The disadvantages of using Delphi are: * You need to have a decent knowledge of the programming language to be able to be able to come up with an efficient solution * Takes longer to do the file handling * More error prone with incorrect syntaxs in code Application Package The problem could be tackled using a database package such as Microsoft Access. The software would have bought and installed on the system though. I could create table and link them with key fields. Then create forms and use them as the user interface, they would have buttons on them to access the next form. The menu form would be created using a switchboard The advantages of using Access are: * Can add and delete data easily * Can link tables together using foreign keys * Data entry is simplified using forms * Quicker access to data using indexing The disadvantages of using Access are: * :limited programming capabilities * Les control on how the system will look visually * Limitations to control how the files of records are handled. Have e to specify certain criteria * The user would also need to buy the software rights to use th system which is costly. Mix of Delphi and Access I could use both an application package and a software developing program. This will allow me to use the benefits of both solutions. * Setup tables in Access and relate to the Delphi program * Create fields and adjust them easily in Access, an also create validation rules. * It will give me more contrail with the Delphi programming language to carry out complicated tasks. * More freedom with display and layout of the program in Delphi. * Dont have to worry about complex file handling The disadvantages: * Will still need to purchase a copy of Microsoft Access * Need to know how to link both programs together Justification of Chosen Solution The solution Ive decided to use is to use both the software developing program together with Microsoft Access. I reached my decision after concluding with the shop clerk who said this was the better than the other 2 solutions. Using this solution will give me more control on the size and layout of the system. It will give me the opportunity to make it user friendly and make it easier to use. Delphi will allow me to use more programming code and I will be able create much more complicated processes using this programming language. Using an application package would give me limited control on the layout and structure of the program which in turn will reduce the user friendliness of the system, but how ever this could be overcome this using Delphi. I can use the application package to easily create related tables with the required fields and then link them to the Delphi program. I will need to create tables which will store member details, DVD details, and Loan details. Handling the tab les and validating is easier and simpler in Access. I can use the inbuilt validation options in Access to make sure data is valid before its stored in the tables. So in conclusion I think using a mix of Access and Delphi I will be able to come up with a solution which best meets the users requirements.

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The Impact of Globalization on the Global Economy and Global Business - Assignment Example From this paper it is clear that the Westphalian model of nationhood allowed different groups to form nations and maintain some degree of autonomy. The autonomy led to the creation of sovereign governments that were recognized locally in the nation and also internationally under the Westphalian treaty. Under this model, people and businesses had to be done within the confines of a given nation or state. In order to do any business elsewhere, the business needed to take up a charter or a kind of permit in the foreign jurisdiction. This provided serious restrictions for doing business borders. The Age of Exploration was pioneered by European sailors mainly from the Iberian nations of Spain and Portugal who found ways of reaching other nations by sea. This led to colonization and several international grasp of lands in foreign territories. In this era, businesses were organized strictly according to national lines and it was only the governments of the respective European nations who co ntrolled affairs in the overseas territories they had acquired. This led to serious tensions that led to several wars in the past three hundred years. The largest and most destructive of these wars fought over the control of national interests was the Second World War which was fought on the basis of trade restrictions and control of foreign territories. After the Second World War, the United Nations was formed to seek peaceful means of resolving issues and the promotion of human rights and the improvement of lives for people in societies around the world. Towards Modern Globalization The United Nations and other related entities like the IMF and World Bank set the foundation for the integration of nations and the unification of purpose of different businesses from different parts of the world. This marked the move towards the globalization that we have today. Globalization for the most part refers to the worldwide exchange of resources between nations and communities without restri ctions. As the study outlines globalization best refers to the elimination of borders and the disappearance of national restrictions on trade and other economic activities. Globalization has encouraged the harmonization of standards across borders and this has led to the maintenance of common systems and structures that aim at providing the best results for nations and peoples in different parts of the world. Globalization has affected global business and global economy in several ways. In other words, globalization has changed the world from the previous Westphalian model where citizens and businesses from nations could not operate in other nations without strict restrictions and limitations. There have been several changes that globalization has created in the general sense as well as the macroeconomic and microeconomic levels. General Trends of Globalization that Affects Businesses The fact that globalization, powered by the United Nations was inspired by the need to protect human rights and the dignity of people has led to a high degree of social consciousness.

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The Effect of Celebrity (Athlete) Endorsements in Sportswear Marketing on the Consumer's perception of the Product and Overall Purchasing Decision - Literature review Example Celebrity endorsement Several athletes have gained status through achievements and created good image for themselves in sports industry. This has made them be sought for purpose of brand image marketing and general selling of products. Athletes who are celebrities enjoy recognition from the public and hence are at a good position to market consumer goods by appearing in brand promotion tools. Therefore; image is enough to cause a great and easy influence to targeted consumers (Kahle & Homer, 1985, pp.954-961). Celebrity endorsement is used in marketing and requires perfect blending of the strategy when used as a form of advertisement. For instance, Nike has put in place all possible measures in promoting its brand to motivate and influence consumers into desiring and making purchases (Damian & Admap, 2010, pp.42-43). Assimilation of superstars in its advertisement campaigns ensures that they maintain a high competitive advantage in sportswear industry since other firms in the industr y are fighting for the same consumers. Special considerations are placed on attributes that are possessed by celebrities (Daneshvary & Schwer, 2000, pp.203-213). Different people have different cultural background which at all times drive them into making decisions. The decisions are made on the kind of norms beliefs and people’s way of life. Therefore; it is important for the selected endorser to have vast qualities which are consistent and in line with consumer’s cultural expectations (Ohanian, 1991, pp.46-53). Practices done by the athlete should not provide a negative influence in that the products get to be despised due to the unethical habits he displays (Walker, et al., 1992, pp.69-76). Sportswear Company puts special emphasis on... As the report stresses that several athletes have gained status through achievements and created good image for themselves in sports industry. This has made them be sought for purpose of brand image marketing and general selling of products. Athletes who are celebrities enjoy recognition from the public and hence are at a good position to market consumer goods by appearing in brand promotion tools. Image is enough to cause a great and easy influence to targeted consumers. This paper declares that celebrity endorsement is used in marketing and requires perfect blending of the strategy when used as a form of advertisement. For instance, Nike has put in place all possible measures in promoting its brand to motivate and influence consumers into desiring and making purchases. Assimilation of superstars in its advertisement campaigns ensures that they maintain a high competitive advantage in sportswear industry since other firms in the industry are fighting for the same consumers. Special considerations are placed on attributes that are possessed by celebrities. Different people have different cultural background which at all times drive them into making decisions. The decisions are made on the kind of norms beliefs and people’s way of life. Sportswear Company puts special emphasis on characteristics which celebrity possesses before selecting him to be used in brand endorsement. Brands to be endorsed should fall within the area of expertise of celebr ity so that one does not give contradicting messages to consumers which is opposite with how they are perceived to be.

Jenny Holzer Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Jenny Holzer - Research Paper Example Modern viewer wants to come, to see and to grasp the idea at once. Perhaps, due to these features of our contemporary life art responds with new techniques more suitable for perceiving by contemporary people. One of these techniques is test-as-image. Long before, Jasper Johns placed familiar images and stenciled words on equal footing thus giving birth to a new direction in art. To introduce art and text I have chosen Jenny Holzer, who, among modern artists, perhaps more than anyone, has restricted contemporary art to text. For more than 30 years this conceptual artist has been creating the relationship between didactic text and image. In her works she manages to reflect the bitter realities of our everyday life so strongly and vividly that her messages are clear for everyone despite of education, level of cultural development and view of life. In the late 70s she filled the streets of Lower Manhattan with her posters contained Nietzsche-like Truisms. First this look strange and was not accepted as works of art but later it turned out that in her works Jenny Holzer acted as art world’s soothsayer. She foresees and expresses important aspects of our life, for example, her best known truism reads: â€Å"Abuse of power comes as no surprise.† Isn’t this what we can see in politics? For Jenny Holzer text means much if not everything. At first she wrote her own texts but later started using the texts written by other famous, well-known people, such as the Polish Nobel laureate Wislawa Szymborska, Henri Cole (USA), Elfriede Jelinek (Austria), Fadhil Al-Azawi (Iraq), Yehuda Amichai (Israel) and Mahmoud Darwish (Palestine). Why are her works getting more and more popular today? I think the reason is that they are burning. They are not aimed at satisfying out aesthetic needs, they do not please our eyes with bright colors, beautiful sceneries, and interesting faces. Holzer’s works are aimed at uncovering the realities. This is why they are ful l of violence, sexuality, oppression, power, war and death. At the same time they seem to have mercy upon our feelings as all these things are depicted not through the images but mostly through the text. With her works Jenny Holzer makes us think and understand the life, which surrounds us. She brings to light and shows us something that was in shade and in silence, something that was intended to be hidden. Most of jenny Holzer works impress me greatly – I adore her ability to perfectly combine text and image. She does it so precisely that you can add nothing to this – everything is already expressed by only a few words. She applies texts from different contexts governmental documents or passages from de-classified US Army documents from the war in Iraq. For instance one of her LED works presents passages â€Å"from the minutes of interrogations of American soldiers who had committed human rights violations and war crimes in Abu Ghraib† (Walleston). Thus she wan ts to make public what was once hidden. Depicting dark dirty aspects of her country and citizens’ life Janny seems to repent American sins before the whole world and warn Americans of possibility to fall into the fire of war, violence and hatred. In my work I would like to draw attention to the hardest political edge of Holzer’s works – â€Å"Redaction Paintings†. They are huge black-and-white silkscreens presenting the passages from de-classified governmental documents blacked out by censors. They vividly expose the secret deeds